Last Night I Dreamt I Went to Manderley Again

1938 novel by Daphne du Maurier

Rebecca

First edition
Writer	Daphne du Maurier
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre	Crime, gothic, mystery, romance
Publisher	Victor Gollancz Ltd
Publication date	1938

Rebecca is a 1938 Gothic novel written by English author Daphne du Maurier. The novel depicts an unnamed young woman who impetuously marries a wealthy widower, earlier discovering that both he and his household are haunted by the memory of his belatedly first wife, the title graphic symbol.

A bestseller which has never gone out of print, Rebecca sold 2.eight million copies between its publication in 1938 and 1965. It has been adapted numerous times for stage and screen, including a 1939 play by du Maurier herself, the flick Rebecca (1940), directed past Alfred Hitchcock, which won the University Award for All-time Picture, and the 2020 remake directed past Ben Wheatley for Netflix.

The novel is remembered specially^[one] for the grapheme Mrs. Danvers, the West Country estate Manderley, and its opening line: "Last dark I dreamt I went to Manderley again."

Plot [edit]

While working equally the companion to a rich American woman on holiday in Monte Carlo, the unnamed narrator, a naïve young woman in her early 20s, becomes acquainted with a wealthy Englishman, Maxim de Winter, a 42-yr-old widower. After a fortnight of courtship, she agrees to marry him and, after the wedding ceremony and honeymoon, accompanies him to his mansion in Cornwall, the beautiful estate Manderley.

Mrs. Danvers, the sinister housekeeper, was profoundly devoted to the first Mrs de Winter, Rebecca, who died in a sailing blow well-nigh a year before Saying and the second Mrs de Winter met. She continually attempts to undermine the narrator psychologically, subtly suggesting to her that she will never reach the beauty, urbanity, and charm her predecessor possessed. Whenever the narrator attempts to make changes at Manderley, Mrs. Danvers describes how Rebecca ran it when she was live. Cowed past Mrs. Danvers' imposing manner and the other members of West State society's unwavering reverence for Rebecca, the narrator becomes isolated.

The narrator is soon convinced that Saying regrets his impetuous decision to marry her and is still deeply in love with the seemingly perfect Rebecca. In an attempt to please him, she revives the Manderley costume ball, a custom Rebecca had instated, with the assist of Mrs. Danvers. On her suggestion, the narrator wears a replica of the clothes shown in a portrait of one of the business firm'south former inhabitants, ignorant of the fact that Rebecca had worn the same costume to much acclaim shortly before her expiry. When the narrator enters the hall and Maxim sees the clothes, he angrily orders her to change.

Shortly after the ball, Mrs. Danvers reveals her contempt for the narrator, believing she is trying to replace Rebecca, and reveals her deep, unhealthy obsession with the expressionless adult female. Mrs. Danvers tries to get the narrator to commit suicide by encouraging her to jump out of the window. However, she is interrupted before the narrator does and so by the disturbance caused by a nearby shipwreck. A diver investigating the wrecked ship'due south hull's status also discovers the remains of Rebecca's sailing gunkhole, with her decomposed body still on board, despite Proverb having identified another body that had washed ashore shortly later on Rebecca'south expiry.

This discovery causes Maxim to confess to the narrator that his marriage to Rebecca was a sham. Rebecca, Maxim reveals, was a cruel and selfish woman who manipulated everyone around her into assertive her to be the perfect wife and a paragon of virtue. On the nighttime of her expiry, she told Maxim that she was meaning with another man's child, which she would raise under the pretense that information technology was Saying's, and he would be powerless to terminate her. In a rage, Saying shot her through the eye, and then disposed of her body by placing information technology in her boat and sinking it at sea. The narrator thinks little of Maxim's murder confession but is relieved to hear that Maxim has e'er loved her and never Rebecca.

Rebecca'south gunkhole is raised, and it is discovered to have been deliberately sunk. An inquest brings a verdict of suicide. Nevertheless, Rebecca'south first cousin and lover, Jack Favell, attempts to bribery Maxim, claiming to take proof that she could not have intended suicide based on a note she sent to him the night she died. It is revealed that Rebecca had had an appointment with a physician in London presently before her expiry, presumably to ostend her pregnancy. When the doctor is establish, he reveals that Rebecca had cancer and would take died inside a few months. Furthermore, due to the malformation of her uterus, she could never have been meaning. Maxim assumes that Rebecca, knowing that she would die, manipulated him into killing her quickly. Mrs. Danvers had said afterwards the inquiry that Rebecca feared cipher except dying a lingering death.

Maxim feels a bang-up sense of foreboding and insists on driving through the nighttime to return to Manderley. However, earlier he comes in sight of the house, it is clear from a glow on the horizon and wind-borne ashes that it is afire.

Characters [edit]

Chief characters [edit]

• The Narrator/the Second Mrs de Winter: A timid, naïve, centre-course adult female in her early on twenties, who enjoys sketching. Neither the narrator'due south beginning nor maiden name is revealed. She is referred to as "my wife", "Mrs de Wintertime", "my dearest", and so on. The once she is introduced with a name is during a fancy dress ball, in which she dresses every bit a de Winter antecedent and is introduced as "Caroline de Wintertime", although this is conspicuously not her own name. She signs her name as "Mrs Thousand. de Winter", using Maxim's initial. Early on in the novel she receives a letter and remarks that her proper noun was correctly spelled, which is "an unusual thing," suggesting her name is uncommon, foreign or complex. While courting her, Maxim compliments her on her "lovely and unusual proper noun". Despite her timidity, she gradually matures throughout the novel, refusing to be a victim of Rebecca's phantom-like influence any longer and condign a strong, assertive adult female in her own correct.
• Maximilian "Maxim" de Winter: The reserved, unemotional possessor of Manderley. He marries his new married woman later a brief courtship, nevertheless displays piffling affection toward her later on the matrimony. Emotionally scarred past his traumatic marriage to Rebecca, his distance toward his new wife causes her to fright he regrets his marriage to her and is all the same haunted by Rebecca's expiry. Maxim killed Rebecca after she told him that she was carrying her lover's child, that he would have to raise equally his own. He does somewhen reveal to his new wife that he never loved Rebecca, but not until several months of marriage have passed. In the 1940 film adaptation, his full name is George Fortescue Maximilian de Wintertime.
• Mrs Danvers: The cold, overbearing housekeeper of Manderley. Danvers was Rebecca's family maid when she was a child and has lived with her for years. She is unhealthily obsessed with Rebecca and preserving Rebecca's memory. She resents the new Mrs de Winter, convinced she is trying to "take Rebecca's identify". She tries to undermine the new Mrs de Winter, but her efforts fail. Later her scheme is ruined, Mrs Danvers plain burns Manderley to the ground, preferring to destroy it than permit Maxim to share his dwelling with another lover and married woman. She is nicknamed Danny which is derived from her last name; her first name being unknown or unimportant, only in Sally Beauman'due south sequel Rebecca'south Tale information technology was said to be Edith.
• Rebecca de Wintertime: The unseen, deceased championship character, who has been dead for less than a year. A famous beauty, and on the surface a devoted married woman and perfect hostess, Rebecca was actually unfaithful to her married man Maxim. Her lingering presence overwhelms Manderley, dominating the visitors, the staff and the new Mrs de Winter. Through dialogue, it is slowly revealed that Rebecca possessed the signs of a psychopath: habitual lying, superficial charm, expert manipulation, no censor and no remorse. She was also revealed to be somewhat sadistic—Danvers tells a story of Rebecca, during her teenage years, cruelly whipping a horse until it bled.

Recurring characters [edit]

• Frank Crawley: The difficult-working, dutiful agent of Manderley. He is said to be Saying's trusted advisor and true-blue confidant. He soon becomes a good friend to the second Mrs de Winter, and helps her in the self-dubiety of her inability to dominion Manderley every bit its mistress.
• Beatrice Lacy (formerly de Winter): Saying'south wilful and quick-witted sister, who develops an immediate fondness for the new Mrs de Winter. Prior to the novel, she had married Giles Lacy. She, along with her brother, is one of the few people who knew Rebecca'due south true, vile nature, and was one of her victims: Beatrice's husband was seduced by her.
• Giles Lacy: The slightly slow-witted married man of Beatrice, and Maxim'south brother-in-police force. He was one of the many men who fell for Rebecca'due south charms.
• Frith: The center-aged, kind and devoted butler at Manderley. He had worked for the de Winters when Maxim's tardily father was a boy.

Supporting characters [edit]

• Robert: A footman.
• Mrs. Van Hopper: The narrator's employer at the offset of the novel, an obnoxious, overbearing American adult female who relentlessly pursues wealthy and famous guests at the diverse hotels she stays at in order to latch on to their fame and boost her own status through association.
• Clarice: Mrs. de Wintertime's true-blue and trusted maid. She aided her lady and mistress in fitting her white, frilly gown for the fancy clothes brawl. She replaces the original maid, Alice, later on.
• Jack Favell: The crafty and sneaky first cousin of the belatedly Rebecca de Wintertime and her about frequent lover. He and Rebecca grew upward together, and he shares many of her worst traits, suggesting insanity runs in their family. He is strongly disliked by Proverb and several other characters. Since Rebecca'south untimely demise, his one and merely true friend and confidante is Mrs. Danvers, whom he calls "Danny", just every bit Rebecca had done.
• Colonel Julian: The investigator of the inquest into the true cause of Rebecca'due south untimely demise.
• Dr. Baker: A doctor, who specializes in oncology. A few hours prior to her decease, Rebecca went to run into him in hugger-mugger, when he diagnosed her with an unspecified type of cancer.

Location [edit]

• The fictional Hôtel Côte d'Azur, Monte Carlo
• The fictional Manderley, a land estate which du Maurier's editor noted "is as much an atmosphere equally a tangible erection of stones and mortar"^[2]

Evolution [edit]

In 1937, Daphne du Maurier signed a three-book deal with Victor Gollancz and accepted an advance of £1,000.^[2] A 2008 article in The Daily Telegraph indicates she had been toying with the theme of jealousy for the five years since her union in 1932.^[2] She started "sluggishly" and wrote a desperate apology to Gollancz: "The first xv,000 words I tore up in disgust and this literary miscarriage has cast me downwardly rather."^[2]

Her husband, Tommy "Boy" Browning, was Lieutenant Colonel of the Grenadier Guards and they were posted to Alexandria, Egypt, with the Second Battalion, leaving Britain on 30 July 1937.^[2] Gollancz expected her manuscript on their return to United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in Dec but she wrote that she was "ashamed to tell yous that progress is slow on the new novel...There is niggling likelihood of my bringing back a finished manuscript in December."^[2]

On returning to Britain in December 1937, du Maurier decided to spend Christmas away from her family to write the volume and she successfully delivered it to her publisher less than four months afterwards.^[2] Du Maurier described the plot as "a sinister tale about a woman who marries a widower....Psychological and rather macabre."^[2]

Derivation and inspiration [edit]

Some commentators accept noted parallels with Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre.^{[3] [4]} Another of du Maurier's works, Jamaica Inn, is also linked to one of the Brontë sisters' works, Emily's Wuthering Heights. Du Maurier commented publicly in her lifetime that the book was based on her own memories of Menabilly and Cornwall, as well every bit her relationship with her father.^[5]

While du Maurier "categorised Rebecca every bit a study in jealousy...she admitted its origins in her ain life to few."^[2] Her husband had been "engaged earlier—to glamorous, dark-haired Jan Ricardo. The suspicion that Tommy remained attracted to Ricardo haunted Daphne."^[2] In The Rebecca Notebook of 1981, du Maurier "'remembered' Rebecca's gestation … Seeds began to driblet. A beautiful home...a get-go wife...jealousy, a wreck, maybe at sea, near to the house... But something terrible would have to happen, I did non know what..."^[2] She wrote in her notes prior to writing: 'I desire to build up the character of the start [wife] in the mind of the 2d...until wife 2 is haunted day and night...a tragedy is looming very close and CRASH! Blindside! something happens.'"^[2]

Du Maurier and her husband, "Tommy Browning, similar Rebecca and Maximilian de Wintertime, were non faithful to one another." Subsequent to the novel's publication, "Jan Ricardo, tragically, died during the Second Globe War. She threw herself nether a train."^[2]

Babyhood visits to Milton Hall, Cambridgeshire (then in Northamptonshire) home of the Wentworth-Fitzwilliam family unit, may have influenced the descriptions of Manderley.^[6]

Literary technique [edit]

The famous opening line of the volume "Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley over again." is an iambic hexameter. The final line of the volume "And the ashes blew towards united states with the salt air current from the ocean" is too in metrical form; almost simply non quite an anapestic tetrameter.

Plagiarism allegations [edit]

Shortly after Rebecca was published in Brazil, critic Álvaro Lins pointed out many resemblances between du Maurier'due south book and the work of Brazilian writer Carolina Nabuco. Nabuco'southward A Sucessora (The Successor), published in 1934, has a main plot similar to Rebecca, for case a young woman marrying a widower and the strange presence of the kickoff wife—plot features likewise shared with the far older Jane Eyre.^[7] Nina Auerbach alleged in her book Daphne du Maurier, Haunted Heiress, that du Maurier read the English language version of the Brazilian book when the start drafts were sent to the same publisher every bit hers in club to be published in England, and based her famous best-seller on it.

Immediately following a 1941 article in The New York Times Volume Review highlighting the two novels' many similarities,^[8] du Maurier issued a rebuttal in a letter to the editor.^[9] Co-ordinate to Nabuco's autobiography, 8 Decades, she (Nabuco) refused to sign an agreement brought to her past a United Artists' representative in which she would concede that the similarities between her book and the movie were mere coincidence.^[10] A farther, ironic complexity in Nabuco's allegations is the similarity between her novel and the novel Encarnação, written past José de Alencar, Brazil's most celebrated novelist of the nineteenth century, and published posthumously in 1873.^[xi]

In 1944, according to The Hollywood Reporter, du Maurier; her U.Due south. publishers Doubleday; and United Artists, distributors of the film adaptation, were sued for plagiarism by Edwina Levin MacDonald who alleged that du Maurier had copied her 1927 novel Bullheaded Windows, and sought an undisclosed corporeality of bookkeeping and damages.^[12] The complaint was eventually dismissed on January 14, 1948.^{[thirteen] [14]}

Publishing history and reception [edit]

Du Maurier delivered the manuscript to her publisher, Victor Gollancz, in April 1938. On receipt, the book was read in Gollancz's office, and her "editor, Norman Collins, reported simply: 'The new Daphne du Maurier contains everything that the public could want.'"^[ii] Gollancz's "reaction to Rebecca was relief and jubilation" and "a 'rollicking success' was predicted by him."^[15] He "did non hang around" and "ordered a kickoff impress run of twenty,000 copies and within a month Rebecca had sold more than twice that number."^[two] The novel has been continuously in print since 1938 and in 1993 "du Maurier's US publishers Avon estimated ongoing monthly paperback sales of Rebecca at more than 4,000 copies."^[2]

Promotion [edit]

Du Maurier "did several radio interviews with BBC and other stations" and "attended Foyle's Literary Luncheon" in August 1938 while Expert Housekeeping, Ladies Habitation Journal, and House & Garden published articles on du Maurier.^[16]

Reception in the professional and popular press [edit]

The Times stated that "the cloth is of the humblest...nothing in this is beyond the novelette." In the Christian Science Monitor of 14 September 1938, V.S. Pritchett predicted the novel "would be here today, gone tomorrow."^[2]

More recently, in a cavalcade for The Independent, the critics Ceri Radford and Chris Harvey recommended the volume and argued that Rebecca is a "marvellously gothic tale" with a adept dose of atmospheric and psychological horror.^[17]

Few critics saw in the novel what the author wanted them to see: the exploration of the human relationship between a man who is powerful and a woman who is not.^[18]

Print history [edit]

Rebecca is listed in the 20th-Century American Bestsellers descriptive bibliography database maintained by the University of Illinois. The entry, by Katherine Huber, provided the detailed information on the English and American editions likewise every bit translations listed below.

English language editions [edit]

Edition	Edition engagement and identify	Publisher and press	# Impressions	Printing/Impression	Date of Printing	# Copies	Price
English 1st	Baronial 1938, London	Gollancz	At to the lowest degree ix	1st	August 1938	xx,000
English 1st	August 1938, London	Gollancz	At least ix	2nd	1938	10,000
English 1st	August 1938, London	Gollancz	At to the lowest degree 9	3rd	1938	15,000
English 1st	August 1938, London	Gollancz	At least ix	4th	1938	15,000
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Printing in Garden City, NY	At least 10	1st	Before publication in 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the State Life Printing in Garden Metropolis, NY	At to the lowest degree 10	2nd	Before publication in 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the State Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least x	3rd	Before publication in 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the State Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least 10	4th	iv Oct 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Visitor, Inc. at the State Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least 10	fifth	7 Oct 1938		$2.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least 10	6th	17 October 1938		$ii.75 U.s.
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Visitor, Inc. at the State Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least 10	7th	Between 18 October and ten November 1938		$two.75 US
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Visitor, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden City, NY	At least 10	8th	eleven November 1938		$2.75 Usa
American 1st	September 1938, NY	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc. at the Country Life Press in Garden Urban center, NY	At least x	9th	18 November 1938		$2.75 U.s.
29 subsequent editions	Between 1939–1993	Doubleday Doran and Company, Inc.
	1938	Blakiston Co.
	1938	Volume League of America
	1938	J.Chiliad. Ferguson
	1938	Literary Social club of America
	1938	P.F. Collier & Son, Corp
	1939	Ladies' Home Journal (condensed)
	1940	Garden City Publishing Co.
	1941	Editions for the Armed Services
	1941	Sun Dial Press
	1942	Triangle Books
	1943	The Modern Library
	1943	Pocket Books
	1945	Ryeson Printing
	1947	Albatross
	1950	Studio
	1953	Central
	1954	International Collector'southward Library
	1957	Longmans
	1960	Ulverscroft
	1962	Penguin Books
	1965	Washington Foursquare Press
	1971	Avon Books
	1975	Pan Books
	1980	Octopus/Heinemann (published with Jamaica Inn and My Cousin Rachel, also by du Maurier)
	1987	The Franklin Library
	1991	The Folio Society
	1992	Pointer
	1993	Compact
	1994	Reader's Digest Association (condensed)

Translations [edit]

Language	Translator	Year	Title	Publisher
Chinese		1972	How-do-you-do Tieh Meng	Tíai-nan, Tíai-wan: Hsin shih chi chíu pan she
Chinese		1979	Hu die meng	Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan Jing
Chinese		1980	Hu tieh meng: Rebecca	Hsin-chich (Hong Kong): Hung Kuang she tien
Chinese, 11 other editions
Finnish	Helvi Vasara	1938	Rebekka	Porvoo/Juva: WSOY, 10 editions by 2008
French	Denise Van Moppès	1939	Rebecca: roman	Paris: A. Michel
French		1975	Rebecca	Paris: Club Chez Nous
French		1984	Rebecca	Paris: Librairie Generale Francaise
French	Anouk Neuhoff	2015	Rebecca	Paris: A. Michel
Italian		1940	Rebecca: la prima moglie	Milano: A. Mondadori
Ukrainian	Henyk Bielakov	2017	Rebekka	Kharkiv: Klub simeynoho dozvillia
Japanese		1939	Rebekka	Tokyo: Mikasa Shobo
Japanese		1949	Rebekka: Wakaki Musume No Shuki	Tokyo: Daviddosha
Japanese		1971	Rebekka	Tokyo: Shincosta
Russian		1991	Rebekka: roman	Riga: Folium
Russian		1992	Rebekka	Riga: Riya
Russian		1992	Rebekka: roman	Izhevsk: Krest
Russian		1992	Rebekka	Moskva. Dom
Russian		1992	Rebekka: roman	Kiev: Muza
High german		1940	Rebecca: Roman	Hamburg: Deutsche Hausbücherei
German language		1940	Rebecca: Roman	Saarbrücken: Club der Buchfreunde
German		1946	Rebecca: Roman	Hamburg: Wolfgang Krüger
German		1994	Rebecca: Roman	Wien: E. Kaiser
8 other German editions
Portuguese		1977	Rebecca, a mulher inesquecivel	São Paulo: Companhia Editura Nacional
Spanish		1965	Rebeca, una mujer inolvidable	Mexico: Editora Latin Americana
Spanish		1969	Rebeca	Mexico: Eiditorial Diana
Spanish		1971	Rebeca	Barcelona: Plaza & Janés Editores S.A
Spanish		1976	Rebeca	Barcelona: Orbis
Spanish		1991	Rebeca	Madrid: Ediciones La Nave
Swedish	Dagny Henschen & Hilda Holmberg; 1970 Gunvor V. Blomqvist	1939	Rebecca	Stockholm: Geber, Tiden
Persian		1977	Rebecca	Tehran: Amir Kabir
Persian		1980	Rebecca	Iran: Amir Kabir Printing Co.
Persian		1990	Ribika	Tehran: Nashr-i Jahnnama
Hungarian	Ruzitska Mária		A Manderley ház asszonya	Singer és Wolfner Irodalmi Intézet Rt.
Hungarian	Ruzitska Mária	1986	A Manderley ház asszonya	Európa Könyvkiadó
Hungarian	Ruzitska Mária	2011	A Manderley ház asszonya	Gabo
Romanian		1993	Rebecca: Roman	Bucuresti: Editura Orizonturi
Romanian	Mihnea Columbeanu	2012	Rebecca	Bucuresti: Editura Orizonturi
Polish	Eleonora Romanowicz	1958[19]	Rebeka	Warszawa: Iskry
Greek		1960	Revekka: mytgustirema	Athenai: Ekdosies Dem, Darema
Latvian		1972	Rebeka: romans	Bruklina: Gramatudraugs
Dutch		1941	Rebecca	Leiden: AW Sijthoff
Czech	J. B. Šuber	1939	Mrtvá a Živá: [Rebeka]	Praha: Evropský literární klub

Awards [edit]

In the U.Southward., du Maurier won the National Book Award for favourite novel of 1938, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.^[20] In 2003, the novel was listed at number fourteen on the UK survey The Big Read.^[21]

In 2017, it was voted the Britain'southward favourite book of the by 225 years in a poll by bookseller Due west H Smith. Other novels in the shortlist were To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Pride and Prejudice past Jane Austen, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë, and 1984 past George Orwell.^[22]

Adaptations [edit]

Film [edit]

The best known of the theatrical moving-picture show adaptations is the Academy Award–winning 1940 Alfred Hitchcock film version Rebecca,^[23] the first pic Hitchcock made nether his contract with David O. Selznick. The flick, which starred Laurence Olivier as Saying, Joan Fontaine as his wife, and Dame Judith Anderson as Mrs. Danvers, was based on the novel. However, the Hollywood Production Lawmaking required that if Maxim had murdered his wife, he would have to be punished for his offense. Therefore, the key turning point of the novel—the revelation that Proverb, in fact, murdered Rebecca—was altered so that it seemed as if Rebecca's death was accidental. This change had not been made in Orson Welles' previous radio play which included a promotion of the moving picture. At the terminate of the flick version, Mrs. Danvers perishes in the burn down, which she had started. The film rapidly became a classic, and at the time, was a major technical accomplishment in film-making.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 2020, there was a Netflix accommodation, directed past Ben Wheatley and written past Jane Goldman, starring Lily James equally the 2nd Mrs. de Wintertime, Armie Hammer as Proverb, and Kristin Scott Thomas as Mrs. Danvers.^{[24] [25] [26]}

Television [edit]

Pan UK paperback edition cover (showing Joanna David as Mrs de Winter from the BBC tv product. Jeremy Brett played the function of Maxim de Winter.)

Rebecca was adapted for The Philco Boob tube Playhouse (x October 1948), with Mary Anderson and Bramwell Fletcher;^[27] Robert Montgomery Presents (22 May 1950), with Barbara Bel Geddes and Peter Cookson;^[28] and Broadway Idiot box Theatre (1 September 1952), with Patricia Breslin and Scott Forbes.^[29]

Theatre '62 presented an NBC-TV accommodation starring James Mason as Maxim, Joan Hackett equally the 2d Mrs. de Wintertime, and Nina Foch as Mrs. Danvers.^[xxx]

Rebecca, a 1979 BBC accommodation, was directed past Simon Langton and starred Jeremy Brett as Saying, Joanna David every bit the second Mrs de Wintertime, and Anna Massey (Jeremy Brett'due south former married woman) as Mrs Danvers. It ran for four 55-minute episodes. Information technology was broadcast in the Usa on PBS equally part of its Mystery! serial.

Rebecca, a 1997 Carlton Television drama serial, starred Emilia Flim-flam (Joanna David'southward girl, in the aforementioned role played by her female parent in 1979), Charles Trip the light fantastic toe equally de Winter, and Matriarch Diana Rigg as Mrs Danvers. It was directed by Jim O'Brien, with a screenplay past Arthur Hopcraft. It was broadcast in the United states by PBS as role of Masterpiece Theatre. This adaptation is noteworthy for featuring an appearance past Rebecca, played by Lucy Cohu. It as well shows Maxim saving Mrs Danvers from the fire, ending with an epilogue showing Maxim and the second Mrs de Wintertime relaxing abroad, as she explains what she and Maxim do with their days now they are unlikely ever to return to Manderley.

In 2008, a ii-role Italian TV adaption, loosely based on the novel and named Rebecca, la prima moglie, aired on the national public broadcaster RAI. The episodes feature Alessio Boni as Maxim de Wintertime, Cristiana Capotondi as Jennifer de Winter and Mariangela Melato as Mrs. Danvers.^[31] The mini-series was filmed in Trieste.^[32]

Noor Pur Ki Rani, an Urdu linguistic communication Pakistani drama goggle box series adaptation directed by Haissam Hussain and dramatized by Pakistani writer and writer Samira Fazal, was broadcast on Hum TV in 2009. The main part was played by Sanam Baloch.^[33]

Radio [edit]

The get-go adaptation of Rebecca for any medium was presented 9 December 1938, past Orson Welles, as the debut program of his live CBS Radio series The Campbell Playhouse (the sponsored continuation of The Mercury Theatre on the Air). Introducing the story, Welles refers to the forthcoming movement picture adaptation by David O. Selznick; at the determination of the evidence he interviews Daphne du Maurier in London via shortwave radio. The novel was adapted by Howard East. Koch.^{[34] : 348} Welles and Margaret Sullavan starred every bit Max de Wintertime and the 2nd Mrs de Wintertime. Other cast included Mildred Natwick (Mrs Danvers), Ray Collins (Frank Crawley), George Coulouris (Helm Searle), Frank Readick (as Ben), Alfred Shirley (Frith), Eustace Wyatt (Coroner) and Agnes Moorehead (Mrs Van Hopper).^{[35] [36]} Bernard Herrmann composed and conducted the score, which afterward formed the basis of his score for the 1943 picture Jane Eyre.^{[37] : 67}

The Screen Guild Theater presented half-hour adaptions with Joan Fontaine, her married man at the time Brian Aherne, and Agnes Moorehead (31 May 1943), and with Loretta Young, John Lund and Agnes Moorehead (18 November 1948).^{[38] [39]} Joan Fontaine and Joseph Cotten performed a half-60 minutes adaptation 1 October 1946 on The Cresta Blanca Hollywood Players.^[40]

The Lux Radio Theatre presented hour-long adaptations with Ronald Colman, Ida Lupino and Judith Anderson (3 February 1941), and with Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh and Betty Blythe (vi Nov 1950).^{[41] [42]} These were necktie-ins to the Hitchcock moving picture, and perpetuated the censorship of the novel which the Hays Function had imposed on that film, although Orson Welles' radio version which predated the film (and including a promotion for the film) was faithful to the original, asserting that Max de Winter had deliberately murdered Rebecca.^[43]

Theatre [edit]

Du Maurier herself adjusted Rebecca as a stage play in 1939; it had a successful London run in 1940 of over 350 performances.^{[44] [45]} The Talking Books for the blind edition read by Barbara Caruso borrows heavily from this stage adaptation which differs materially from the novel in many respects including changing the iconic ending of the novel.^[46]

A Broadway phase adaptation starring Diana Barrymore, Bramwell Fletcher and Florence Reed ran 18 January – 3 February 1945, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.^[47]

A musical adaptation, Rebecca, opened in Republic of austria in 2006 and ran for three years. It has been produced in various cities around Europe, besides as Tokyo.^[48]

Opera [edit]

Rebecca was adjusted as an opera with music by Wilfred Josephs, premiered by Opera North in Leeds, England, 15 Oct 1983.^[49]

Sequels and related works [edit]

The novel has inspired iii additional books approved by the du Maurier manor:

• Mrs de Winter (1993) past Susan Loma. (ISBN 978-0-09-928478-ix)
• The Other Rebecca (1996) by Maureen Freely. (ISBN 978-0-89733-477-8)
• Rebecca'south Tale (2001) by Sally Beauman (ISBN 978-0-06-621108-4)

In addition, a number of fan fiction websites feature sequels, prequels, and adaptations of this novel.

As a lawmaking primal in World War Two [edit]

One edition of the volume was used by the Germans in Earth War Two as the central to a book code.^[l] Sentences would be made using unmarried words in the book, referred to by page number, line and position in the line. One re-create was kept at Rommel's headquarters,^[50] and the other was carried by German Abwehr agents infiltrated into Cairo after crossing Egypt by car, guided by Count László Almásy.^{[ citation needed ]} This code never was used, however, because the radio department of the headquarters was captured in a skirmish and hence the Germans suspected that the lawmaking was compromised.^[51]

This use of the volume is referred to in Ken Follett's novel The Primal to Rebecca—where a (fictional) spy does employ it to pass disquisitional information to Rommel.^[52] This apply was too referenced in Michael Ondaatje's 1992 novel The English language Patient.^[53]

Notable cultural references [edit]

Literature [edit]

The character of Mrs Danvers is alluded to numerous times throughout Stephen King's Bag of Bones. In the volume, Mrs Danvers serves as something of a bogeyman for the principal character Mike Noonan.

In Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next serial, thousands of Mrs Danvers clones are created.

Television [edit]

The 1970 Parallel Time storyline of the Gothic soap opera Dark Shadows was heavily inspired by Rebecca including the costume ball scene. The second Nighttime Shadows motility picture Dark of Nighttime Shadows also took inspiration from the novel.

The pic was parodied on The Carol Burnett Evidence in a 1972 skit chosen "Rebecky", with Ballad Burnett equally the heroine, Daphne; Harvey Korman every bit Max "de Wintry" and in the guise of Female parent Marcus every bit Rebecky de Wintry; and Vicki Lawrence as Mrs Dampers.^{[54] [55]}

Another parody of the famed story is found in the second serial of the sketch prove That Mitchell and Webb Look from 2008. The sketch, which stars Robert Webb every bit Saying, David Mitchell as Mrs Danvers, and Jo Neary as Rebecca, explores an alternating approach to a filmatization of the novel. Hither, the story is narrated past Rebecca, who is haunted by the household's anticipation of a second Mrs De Wintertime. ^{[56] [57]}

The plots of sure Latin-American soap operas have also been inspired past the novel, such as Manuela (Argentine republic),^[58] Infierno en el paraíso (United mexican states),^[59] the Venezuelan telenovela Julia and its remake El Fantasma de Elena on Telemundo, and "La Sombra de Belinda" a telenovela from Puerto Rico.

Music [edit]

Meg & Dia's Meg Frampton penned a song titled "Rebecca", inspired by the novel.

Kansas alumnus Steve Walsh's solo recording Glossolalia includes a song titled "Rebecca", including the lyrics "I suppose I was the lucky one, returning like a wayward son to Manderley, I'd never be the same...".

Steve Hackett included a song titled "Rebecca" on his album To Watch the Storms.

Taylor Swift'due south song "Tolerate Information technology", featured on her album Evermore, is inspired by the novel.^[sixty]

Fashion [edit]

In 2013, Devon watchmakers Du Maurier Watches, founded past the grandson of Daphne du Maurier, released a express edition collection of two watches inspired by the characters from the novel—The Rebecca and The Maxim.^[61]

Critical reception [edit]

On five November 2019, the BBC News listed Rebecca on its list of the 100 virtually inspiring novels.^[62]

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ Charles L.P. Silet. "Daphne DuMaurier's Rebecca". The Strand Magazine.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f chiliad h i j m l m n o p q} Dennison, Matthew (xix April 2008), "How Daphne Du Maurier Wrote Rebecca", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 27 February 2018 .
3. ^ Yardley, Jonathan (16 March 2004). "Du Maurier's 'Rebecca,' A Worthy 'Eyre' Credible". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 12 Dec 2006.
4. ^ "Presence of Orson Welles in Robert Stevenson's Jane Eyre (1944)". Literature Film Quarterly. Archived from the original on 24 Jan 2007.
5. ^ "Balderdash's-Eye for Bovarys". Time. 2 February 1942. Archived from the original on 27 Jan 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2007.
6. ^ "Milton Park and the Fitzwilliam Family" (PDF). V Villages, Their People and Places: A History of the Villages of Brush, Ailsworth, Marholm with Milton, Upton and Sutton. p. 230. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 Oct 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
7. ^ Lins, Álvaro (1941), Jornal de crítica [Periodical of criticism] (in Portuguese), BR: José Olympio, pp. 234–36 .
8. ^ Grant, Frances R. (16 November 1941). "An Extraordinary Parallel Between Miss du Maurier's "Rebecca" and a Brazilian Novel; Literary Coincidence". The New York Times.
9. ^ "' Rebecca' Publisher Denies Any 'Parallel'". The New York Times. 21 Nov 1941.
10. ^ "Tiger in a Lifeboat, Panther in a Lifeboat: A Furor Over a Novel", The New York Times, half dozen Nov 2002, archived from the original on 23 July 2010 .
11. ^ Souza, Daniel Nolasco; Borges, Valdeci Rezende (2006). "Intertextualidade em Encarnação de José de Alencar e A Sucessora, de Carolina Nabuco" (PDF). Anais Eletrônicos do XIV Seminário de Iniciação Científica (in Portuguese).
12. ^ The Hollywood Reporter, January 13, 1944
13. ^ The Fresno Bee Republican, January 17, 1948 – run into e.chiliad. here Archived August 7, 2012, at the Wayback Car
14. ^ "MacDONALD v. DU MAURIER". leagle.com . Retrieved 18 Jan 2022.
15. ^ Beauman, Sally (2003), "Introduction", Rebecca, London: Virago .
16. ^ Huber, Katherine, "Du Maurier, Daphne: Rebecca", 20th-Century American Bestsellers, Academy of Illinois, archived from the original on 16 Dec 2013, retrieved 4 July 2013 .
17. ^ "The 40 best books to read during lockdown". The Independent. xvi October 2021.
18. ^ Forster, Margaret, Daphne du Maurier .
19. ^ Du Maurier, Daphne; Romanowicz-Podoska, Eleonora (10 May 2018). "Rebeka". Iskry – via alpha.bn.org.pl Library Catalog.
20. ^ "Book About Plants Receives Award: Dr. Fairchild's 'Garden' Piece of work Cited past Booksellers", The New York Times, p. 20, 15 February 1939, Du Maurier participating in the Hotel Astor luncheon by transatlantic telephone from London to New York. She called for writers and distributors to showtime, in the literary world, the contemporary trials of civilisation in the political earth.
21. ^ The Big Read, BBC, April 2003, archived from the original on 31 Oct 2012, retrieved 19 Oct 2012 .
22. ^ Westward H Smith names Rebecca the nation's favourite book, The Bookseller, June 2017, archived from the original on half-dozen June 2017, retrieved 2 June 2017 .
23. ^ Hitchcock, Alfred (12 Apr 1940), Rebecca (Drama, Mystery, Romance, Thriller), Laurence Olivier, Joan Fontaine, George Sanders, Judith Anderson, Selznick International Pictures, retrieved 13 Oct 2020
24. ^ "Borderline". xiv November 2018.
25. ^ Wheatley, Ben (21 Oct 2020), Rebecca (Drama, Mystery, Romance, Thriller), Lily James, Armie Hammer, Keeley Hawes, Kristin Scott Thomas, Netflix, Working Title Films, retrieved xiii October 2020
26. ^ "Rebecca | Netflix Official Site". world wide web.netflix.com . Retrieved 13 October 2020.
27. ^ "Philco Television Playhouse". Classic Tv set Archive. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
28. ^ "Robert Montgomery Presents". Classic Television set Archive. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
29. ^ "Broadway Television set Theatre". Classic Television receiver Archive. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
30. ^ Rebecca (1962) (Tv), Internet Movie Database. Retrieved viii October 2013.
31. ^ "Rebecca, la prima moglie". RaiPlay (in Italian). Retrieved 9 June 2021.
32. ^ "«Rebecca»: il primo ciak a Trieste - Il Piccolo". Archivio - Il Piccolo (in Italian). Retrieved nine June 2021.
33. ^ "Noorpur ki Rani to highlight social problems". www.dnaindia.com . Retrieved 17 January 2021.
34. ^ Welles, Orson, and Peter Bogdanovich, edited by Jonathan Rosenbaum, This Is Orson Welles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers 1992 ISBN 0-06-016616-ix
35. ^ "The Campbell Playhouse: Rebecca". Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946. Indiana University Bloomington. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
36. ^ "The Campbell Playhouse". RadioGOLDINdex. Archived from the original on vi December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
37. ^ Smith, Steven C., A Heart at Fire'southward Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991 ISBN 0-520-07123-9
38. ^ "Screen Gild Theater". Cyberspace Archive. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
39. ^ "The Screen Guild Radio Programs". Digital Cafeteria Too. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
40. ^ "Cresta Blanca Hollywood Players". RadioGOLDINdex. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved seven Nov 2015.
41. ^ "The Lux Radio Theatre". RadioGOLDINdex. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved xiv October 2015.
42. ^ "Lux Radio Theatre 1950". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
43. ^ Orson Welles. Rebecca (mp3) (radio drama). Campbell Playhouse. Event occurs at 12/9/38. Retrieved 4 Jan 2021.
44. ^ "Rebecca", Reviews, du Maurier, archived from the original on four July 2008 .
45. ^ "du Maurier", Classic Movies (contour), Turner
46. ^ D'Monté, Rebecca (2009). "Origin and Ownership: Film and Television Adaptations of Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca". In Carroll, Rachel (ed.). Adaptation in Contemporary Culture: Textual Infidelities. London: Continuum. ISBN9780826424648. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018.
47. ^ "Rebecca". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
48. ^ "Within Ane of Broadway's Biggest Scandals – How Rebecca the Musical Fabricated Headlines Without Even Opening (Nevertheless...)".
49. ^ The Times, p. 15, col A, 17 October 1983, article CS252153169 .
50. ^ ^{a b} Andriotakis, Pamela (15 Dec 1980). "The Real Spy's Story Reads Like Fiction and xl Years After Inspires a Best-Seller". People archive. Archived from the original on ten January 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
51. ^ "KV 2/1467". The National Archives. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 28 Feb 2010.
52. ^ "The Key to Rebecca". Ken Follett. Archived from the original on ten Jan 2013. Retrieved 28 Feb 2010.
53. ^ "The English Patient – Chapter Vi". Spark Notes. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
54. ^ Video on YouTube
55. ^ Video on YouTube
56. ^ Video on YouTube
57. ^ Video on YouTube
58. ^ "Manuela". Il Mondo dei doppiatori, Zona soap opera due east telenovelas (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 Dec 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
59. ^ "Telenovelas A–Z: Infierno en el paraíso" [Soap operas A–Z: Hell in paradise]. Univision (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
60. ^ "The book 'Rebecca' inspired this Taylor Swift song - Times of India". The Times of India . Retrieved 6 Jan 2021.
61. ^ House, Christian. "Daphne du Maurier always said her novel Rebecca was a report in jealousy" Archived 15 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, London, 17 August 2013. Retrieved on 6 October 2013.
62. ^ "100 'about inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. v Nov 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. The reveal kickstarts the BBC'southward yr-long celebration of literature.

External links [edit]

• Rebecca at the British Library
• "Rebecca", Literapedia (book notes), Wikispaces, archived from the original on 3 November 2016, retrieved 26 May 2008 .
• Rebecca at IMDb
• "Rebecca" (9 December 1938) on The Campbell Playhouse, with Orson Welles and Margaret Sullavan (Indiana University Bloomington)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_%28novel%29

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